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Both Environment and Genetic Makeup Influence Behavior.Early humans did not understand the mechanisms of inheritance, of DNA, or of the translation of genetic information into morphology, physiology, or behavior. But they intuitively understood that inheritance shapes behavior. Canada Goose Outlet Sale By controlling mating, herds and flocks of animals useful to humans were domesticated. The resulting domesticated animals cattle, horses, and dogs behave very differently than their wild progenitors. Selective breeding was a key insight in human history, even if the underlying science was not understood until the Darwinian and Mendelian revolutions in the nineteenth century.

Today, we easily recognize that both genes and the environment influence behavior, and scientists studying behavior focus on the interaction between these two factors. Genes, via their influences on morphology and physiology, create a framework within which the environment acts to shape the behavior of an individual animal. Canada Goose Jackets Outlet The environment can affect morphological and physiological development; in turn behavior develops as a result of that animal shape and internal workings. Genes also create the scaffold for learning, memory, and cognition, remarkable mechanisms that allow animals to acquire and store information about their environment for use in shaping their behavior. Instinct implies that a behavior is performed without thought and cannot be modified by learning.

Examples of instinctive behavior include simple behavioral patterns, displayed in response to a specific stimulus or within a specific context. A cockroach flees to the protection of a dark nook when a light is switched on. A dog may circle on its bedding several times, as if it were trampling vegetation, before settling to sleep. Cheap Canada Goose Parka Sale A rattlesnake will strike at a moving, mouse sized, warm object. In none of these cases does the animal engage in learning or thought when shaping its response. Genetic (innate) information best determines behavior when a species environment varies little from generation to generation, or in communication when unambiguous messages need to be sent and received (Figure 1).
Figure 1: A rattlesnake, ready to strike.

Information about where to forage, what prey to select, and how to handle the prey after striking is likely innate in species like this.2010 Nature Education Courtesy of Jeff Mitton.Similarly, many of the signals used in animal communication are innate, produced the same way by all members of a species. The constancy that comes from having the signal and its interpretation genetically encoded makes the message unambiguous. Combinations of facial expressions, hair erection, and tail posture give dogs (to other dogs) a universal set of messages. Other animals use combinations of genetic and learned information in forming their signals. Buy Canada Goose Jackets Some birds can produce elements of their songs without ever having heard another bird sing, but require hearing songs during development to reproduce the song of their own species correctly. This last example demonstrates how innate components can be used as building blocks for modifiable behavior, but animal behavior can be innate, reflecting a strong genetic basis.
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